All people are mortal. Socrates is a person. Therefore: Socrates is mortal. This is the classic example of the West’s preferred form of reasoning— deductive logic. We have long professed to prefer it ...

As your correspondent invites discussion on this subject I hope you will allow me to repeat in a new form the views I expressed upon it in your columns some months ago. I quite agree with Mr. Russel ...

A therapist sits across from a client who appears highly confident yet unexpectedly describes deep feelings of inadequacy. How does the therapist make sense of this contradiction? Is it a sign of ...

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We have seen that we can deduce new conditionals from old. But where do we get conditionals to start with? Fortunately, we can get conditionals from our three principles. Premise (5) in the LSAT ...

For the “Well, technically ...” crowd— and thank you for your service—machine learning also uses abduction, often called “inference” to the best explanation, which identifies the most plausible cause ...

MR. DIXON says that there are “at least three different kinds of interpretation which may be put upon the proposition, [An isosceles triangle has equal angles at the base]. It may mean (1) the ...